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An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections. The incandescent light bulb was invented by Joseph Swan, an inventor from County Durham in North East England, and first demonstrated to the public on December 18, 1878 in nearby Newcastle Upon Tyne.〔http://www.wired.com/2009/12/1218joseph-swan-electric-bulb/〕 Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent lamp is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting. Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%.〔Nicola Armaroli, Vincenzo Balzani, ''Towards an electricity-powered world''. In: ''Energy and Environmental Science'' 4, (2011), 3193-3222, .〕 The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps.〔Vincenzo Balzani, Giacomo Bergamini, Paola Ceroni, ''Light: A Very Peculiar Reactant and Product''. In: ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition'' 54, Issue 39, (2015), 11320–11337, .〕 Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry,〔("Storey's guide to raising chickens" ) Damerow, Gail. Storey Publishing, LLC; 2nd edition (12 January 1995), ISBN 978-1-58017-325-4. page 221. Retrieved 10 November 2009.〕 heat lights for reptile tanks,〔("277 Secrets Your Snake and Lizard Wants you to Know Unusual and useful Information for Snake Owners & Snake Lovers" ) Cooper,Paulette. Ten Speed Press (1 March 2004), ISBN 978-1-58008-035-4. Page 161. Retrieved 10 November 2009.〕 infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs. Incandescent bulbs are gradually being replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/actualidad/vivir/el-peligro-de-los-bombillos-ahorradores-articulo-372360 )〕 Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil or Australia,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.minenergia.cl/archivos_bajar/Documentos/Propuesta_Informe_Tecnico_MEPS.pdf )〕 have prohibited them already. ==History== In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel〔Friedel, Robert, and Paul Israel. 1986. ''Edison's electric light: biography of an invention''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pages 115–117〕 list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable. Historian Thomas Hughes has attributed Edison's success to his development of an entire, integrated system of electric lighting. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Incandescent light bulb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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